return {
  -- Define language plugins at top level to prevent luarocks installation
  {
    'mfussenegger/nvim-dap-python',
    ft = 'python',
    rocks = { enabled = false },
  },
  {
    'leoluz/nvim-dap-go',
    ft = 'go',
    rocks = { enabled = false },
  },
  {
    'mfussenegger/nvim-dap',
    dependencies = {
      'rcarriga/nvim-dap-ui',
      'nvim-neotest/nvim-nio',
      { 'thehamsta/nvim-dap-virtual-text', opts = {} },
      'mfussenegger/nvim-dap-python',
      'leoluz/nvim-dap-go',
      'jay-babu/mason-nvim-dap.nvim',
    },
    config = function()
      local dap = require('dap')
      local dapui = require('dapui')

      dapui.setup()

      -- Mason handles debugger installation and configuration
      require('mason-nvim-dap').setup({
        automatic_installation = true,
        ensure_installed = { 'codelldb', 'python', 'delve' },
        handlers = {},
      })

      -- Python setup with proper path detection
      local function get_python_path()
        -- Check if we're in a virtual environment
        local venv = os.getenv('VIRTUAL_ENV')
        if venv then
          local venv_python = venv .. '/bin/python'
          if vim.fn.executable(venv_python) == 1 then
            return venv_python
          end
        end

        -- Fall back to system python3 or python
        local python3 = vim.fn.exepath('python3')
        if python3 ~= '' then
          return python3
        end

        local python = vim.fn.exepath('python')
        if python ~= '' then
          return python
        end

        -- Last resort - use system default
        return 'python3'
      end

      require('dap-python').setup(get_python_path())

      -- Go setup (helper does the heavy lifting)
      require('dap-go').setup()

      -- C/C++ configurations
      dap.configurations.c = {
        {
          name = 'Launch',
          type = 'codelldb',
          request = 'launch',
          program = function()
            return vim.fn.input('Path to executable: ', vim.fn.getcwd() .. '/', 'file')
          end,
          cwd = '${workspaceFolder}',
          stopOnEntry = false,
        },
        {
          name = 'Launch with ASan',
          type = 'codelldb',
          request = 'launch',
          program = function()
            return vim.fn.input('Path to executable: ', vim.fn.getcwd() .. '/', 'file')
          end,
          cwd = '${workspaceFolder}',
          stopOnEntry = false,
          env = { ASAN_OPTIONS = 'detect_leaks=1' },
        },
      }
      dap.configurations.cpp = dap.configurations.c

      -- Rust configuration
      dap.configurations.rust = {
        {
          name = 'Launch',
          type = 'codelldb',
          request = 'launch',
          program = function()
            return vim.fn.input('Path to executable: ', vim.fn.getcwd() .. '/target/debug/', 'file')
          end,
          cwd = '${workspaceFolder}',
          stopOnEntry = false,
        },
      }

      -- Zig configuration
      dap.configurations.zig = {
        {
          name = 'Launch',
          type = 'codelldb',
          request = 'launch',
          program = function()
            return vim.fn.input('Path to executable: ', vim.fn.getcwd() .. '/zig-out/bin/', 'file')
          end,
          cwd = '${workspaceFolder}',
          stopOnEntry = false,
        },
      }

      -- Auto-open/close UI
      dap.listeners.after.event_initialized['dapui_config'] = dapui.open
      dap.listeners.before.event_terminated['dapui_config'] = dapui.close
      dap.listeners.before.event_exited['dapui_config'] = dapui.close

      -- Breakpoint signs
      vim.fn.sign_define('DapBreakpoint', { text = '🔴', texthl = '', linehl = '', numhl = '' })
      vim.fn.sign_define('DapStopped', { text = '➡️', texthl = '', linehl = 'debugPC', numhl = '' })
    end,
    keys = {
      {
        '<leader>dc',
        function()
          require('dap').continue()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Continue',
      },
      {
        '<leader>ds',
        function()
          require('dap').step_over()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Step Over',
      },
      {
        '<leader>di',
        function()
          require('dap').step_into()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Step Into',
      },
      {
        '<leader>do',
        function()
          require('dap').step_out()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Step Out',
      },
      {
        '<leader>db',
        function()
          require('dap').toggle_breakpoint()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Toggle Breakpoint',
      },
      {
        '<leader>dB',
        function()
          require('dap').set_breakpoint(vim.fn.input('Breakpoint condition: '))
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Conditional Breakpoint',
      },
      {
        '<leader>dr',
        function()
          require('dap').repl.toggle()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Toggle REPL',
      },
      {
        '<leader>dl',
        function()
          require('dap').run_last()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Run Last',
      },
      {
        '<leader>du',
        function()
          require('dapui').toggle()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Toggle UI',
      },
      {
        '<leader>dt',
        function()
          require('dap').terminate()
        end,
        desc = 'Debug: Terminate',
      },
    },
    ft = { 'python', 'go', 'rust', 'c', 'cpp', 'zig' },
  },
}